Introduction
Pakistan is in the northwestern part of South Asia. It borders China to the north, Afghanistan, north-west, south-west of Iran, the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean to the south and east India. Pakistan, as you can see, at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East makes it easy connection point between Central Asia and South America.
Muslim States
There was considerable in the migratory movements which are now PakistanSince prehistoric times. The people of Pakistan are descendants of various racial and ethnic groups in sub-titles that came in over the last 5,000 years, mainly in central and western Asia from time to time. But unlike popular misconception, has always maintained its separate identity and individuality from neighboring India, Pakistan, that part of Aakhand Bharat (undivided India) was established on the basis of history. Hence its partition from India is totallyunjustified. But thousands of years of history of the subcontinent, tells a different story. It tells us that the areas now called Pakistan has always had as a single, compact, and a separate geographic and political units has remained unchanged since ancient times.
Few people would know the true history of Pakistan yet, few know that the oldest stone tools in the world, dating from 2.2 million years was found in Rabat, about 15 km from Rawalpindi and the largestHand ax was found in the Soan Valley. And to top it all off, the site of the first life settled into the world from 8 Mehergarh millennium BC was found in the Sibi districts of Balochistan. Although Pakistan is an independent country only by August 14, 1947, to pursue the nation itself is at its beginning only a few hundred years, yet the heritage areas of Pakistan, one of the richest civilizations and ancient settlements and all the world.
Muslim States
IndusValley civilization
The Indus Valley civilization of Harappa and civilization [i] is one of the most fascinating and oldest civilizations ever known. And 'flourished 3000-1500 BC, from the banks of the river Indus or Pakistan. This gave the civilization along the Indus River in Pakistan, today is the most important Mohenjodaro in Sind, Harappa in the Punjab, Baluch territory Kej Daro in the Pathan and Judeiro. It is generally believed that theInhabitants were Dravidians of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Sub-continent from the eastern Mediterranean.
This civilization reached its peak around the two cities Mohenjodaro and Harappa. These cities are known for their impressive, organized and regular layout known. They were centers of art and crafts. According to John Marshall, the Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language [ii], which is one of the first most popular languages in the world. TheirMain occupation was agriculture and commerce. The civilization is noted for its strong central government, a sense of art and architecture and home design.
Flood has had as a destroyer of this culture to be disturbed by agriculture and trade routes concerned, the majority of the population to migrate to other lands fertile. Those who remained behind a victim of Aryan invasion. The civilization lasted for 1500 years.
Arrival ofAryans
Around 1700 BC, the Indus Valley people saw the arrival of the new Central Asian nomads on horseback that eventually a decrease in their rich and sophisticated civilization of the Indus. The Aryans came in at least two large waves in Pakistan. The first wave came around 2000 BC and the second wave came at least six centuries later. It 'was after the second wave of Aryan invasion, which became dominant and spread their language throughout the length and width of the region.They went through the Swat valley north-west mountain passes and pushed the locals or the Dravidians (the people of the Indus civilization) to the south or towards the jungles and mountains of the north. They settled in Punjab and the Indus valley and then spread east and south. In contrast to the Indus people were uncivilized Aryan race. Their religious texts and human remains suggest that the Aryans were in their violent invasions. They killed the inhabitants and burned their city. AA similar approach was suggested by Stuart Piggott in his book Pre-historic India:
"The Aryan advent was in fact the arrival of the barbarians in a region already highly organized into a kingdom that is based on a long tradition of urban culture education."
In addition to hunting robust Arians also skilled farmers and craftsmen. They were worshipers of nature and their religious books are called Vedas. Aryans were tall, well built and had interesting features and pale complexionwhile the inhabitants of the Indus Valley were blacks, the flat nose and short stature. The people of India have the superior Aryan and became their slaves. This was the basis for the caste system in order of superiority as Brahmins (priests) Kashatryas (warriors) and Vaisyas (businesses and citizens). The Dravidians were placed in the fourth and referred to as the Sudras (slaves).
Persian Empire
In the 6 th century BC, Darius crashed and Pakistan and the Indus plainsAchaemenid Persian Empire, part of Gandhara, with its capital, Persepolis, Iran. It was from there that the city of Taxila, and began to grow in the region has seen the birth of another great civilization, Gandhara civilization for most of northern Pakistan, with two capitals Pushkalavati (Charsadda) and sila-Takshka ( Taxila) called.
As part of the Persian Empire, the region has risen to the zenith. Trade with Iran and the West, once again, the economyflourished, weapons and other artifacts of daily use. Charsadda and Taxila were the centers of activity. One of the largest universities in the ancient world was established in Taxila. It was at this University that Chandra Gupta Maurya's education, which then formed the Mauryan Empire in South Asia. These rich Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Pakistan to Greece and Egypt, however, collapsed under the onslaught of Alexander of Macedonia.
AlexanderInvasion
Alexander entered Pakistan from the path of the north in Swat and Gandhara 327-325 BC conquered the region. He first reached Taxila. The Raja of Taxila know the reputation of the vast army of Alexander gave a welcome place of resistance. Alexander stayed in Taxila for some time came on Raja Porus, the ruler of the area was east of the Jehlum. He then went to the river Beas, where his army refused to go further, so that came through the entireLength of Pakistan, crossed the river Hub near Karachi, and went home to die on the road. Alexander led the invasion of Greek knowledge and science to Taxila.
Here it is noteworthy that in all settlements and invasions is that the civilization of the Indus Valley, Aryans or during half a millennium after the Aryan migrations and during the Persian Empire, Pakistan has always been considered a separate entity from India and the period covered by these settlements is approximately 2200Years.
Mauryan Empire
Untimely death of Alexander in Babylon in 323 BC, led to the dismantling of his vast empire into two parts (the Byzantine Empire and Greek Bacterian). The control of this region, therefore, fell into the hands of the indigenous tribes and dynasties. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya, who marched on the plain of the Ganges, defeating King Nanda and a strong government in a place called Magadha (present Bihar). It should be notedwho reigned from India, but he was a son of the region Potohar and prince of Taxila. He followed Jainism. His grandson Ashoka was a Buddhist.
Like the Mauryan rulers are not in Hinduism and Buddhism and Jainism is promoted, the criticisms were Hindus. Hindus succeeded by their intrigues and conspiracy to put an end to the dynasty of the Maurya and followed instead was the birthplace of origin Brahman dynasty Singhas canvas and Indra. This dynasty ruled southern and centralIndia, but has proven to be weak and short lived.
Graeco-Bactrian Rule
The Greeks arrived in Gandhara, Bactria in 185 BC, about 50 years after the death of Ashoka. It was the dead of the armies of Alexander the Great from Bactria (Balkh in northern Afghanistan today). They built the Greek cities of Taxila and Pushkalavati (Charsadda) and introduced their language, art and religion in the country of Gandhara. Their language was more than 500 years and their art and religion hadsignificant influence on the Gandhara civilization. The most powerful of the Bactrian Greek King Menander was (mid-second century BC). The Graeco-Bactrian rule lasted only a century.
The Saka
After the greek-Bactrian was Pakistan in several small kingdoms, the Greek victims of the great wave of Scythians (Saka), which migrated on a large scale has been divided. They were nomads of northern Iran. Sakas overturned the Greek rulers and established their control over Pakistan.Sakas settlements were so large that Pakistan was known as Scythia. Gandhara was the center of the Saka-domains and Taxila was chosen the capital. The Sakas and Scythians were large, large framed and fierce warriors. They were wonderful horsemen and Lance experts. Sakas were followed by powerful parties from east of the Caspian Sea, in about AD 20.
The Kushan
The Kushan from Central Asia, founded the Kushan Empire in the Indus Valley. The third king of thisKanishka was the most successful dynasty of rulers. His reforms brought him fame. Like his predecessor, he also has an active interest in Buddhism. Kushan made their capital, Peshawar. The Kushan period is considered the golden age of Pakistan and has brought great wealth and prosperity in the region with the development of the Silk Road in China. It 'was a Kushan-Shahar, the land of the Kushan be known. It was the Kushan kings, the national dress of shalwar (shirt) with kameez (trousers) andSherwani Pakistan.
After the death of Kanishka not keep his kingdom intact successors. The result was that parts of it were captured by Sassanid Persia. In the 4 th Century, a new dynasty Kidar (little) Kushan came to power and established their capital, Peshawar. At about the same time, Gupta empire came to power in neighboring India, and annexed a large area of the subcontinent was not over the Sutlej and not includedKashmir. So during the Gupta period, Pakistan was in the hands of Kushan and Sassanian.
White Huns
The Huns were nomadic tribes of the western border of China, the attack after the conquest of Central Asia, Iran and Pakistan from Central Mongolia. Their leaders were "Khan" as. The particular branch of the Huns, who came to Pakistan, known as Epthalite or White Huns. One of its powerful ruler whose capital was Mehar Gul Sakala (Sialkot currently). They killed and Buddhistsburned all the monasteries. Completely eliminated their conquest Gupta regimes. The origin of most of the Afghan-Pathan tribes and clans of the Rajput and Jat Punjab and Sindh, according to modern scholars, are the descendants of the White Huns. The case of Hun rulers led to the emergence of small kingdoms, which causes the deterioration of the political, social and economic, to the Muslims arrived in the scene.
Arab invasion
During the period of Rajputs in North India, ie, 7 to 12Century AD, was the light of Islam in this part of the world. Islam arrived in Pakistan from two directions, south and north. In 711 an expedition of 20 years with an Arab, Muhammad Bin Qasim came across the Syrian sea piracy in the Arab and shipping which was established on the subcontinent, to suppress the northern kingdom of Multan and Mansura Al-ins are built. Mohammad Bin Qasim conquered Sind and decided that for about three years ago has called up and killed. After Mohammad BinQasim was goodbye to the Muslim rule in Punjab and the south are limited. The north, made up of the Punjab and NWFP and the south, consisting of Multan, Sindh and Balochistan under the various Muslim rulers, but by that time was divided into two parts in Pakistan for a long time.
The Turks
In the 10 th Century AD, the Turks attacked descendants with their capital at Ghazni in the region. They migrated from Central Asia and played an important role in politicsThe life of the subcontinent for 200 years. The Ghaznavids, a Turkish dynasty, which goes to Afghanistan, and succeeded the Arabs under the leadership of Sultan Mahmud, who established the Islamic regime of the subcontinent. Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznah or Mahmud, son of the king of Ghazni turkish Sabuktgin that Pakistan invaded from the north. Gandhara, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan were all part of the Ghaznavids, which had its capital in Ghazni, Afghanistan, and laterLahore.
With the arrival of the Turks were Muslims, Sufi dervishes and Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan to spread their word, the message of Islam throughout the country. Some of them are Sheikh Ismail, Syed Ali Hajveri, Shakar Ganj, Moeen-ud-Ajmeeri, Nizam-ud-Din Oliya, Baha-ud-Din Khawaja Moeen-ud-Din and Zakir Chishti. It was through these pious saints and Sufis, Islam spread along the length of the subcontinent. The city of Multan was known as theCity of Saints. Although Ghaznavid rule in Pakistan, has over 175 years, but not connected to any area of Mahmud Ravi. He contented himself with the annexation of Punjab alone. He was neither a thief nor a tyrant by some historians as written. His reputation as a great patron of literature and culture has remained intact at this time. It 'was under his auspices that the famous epic poem was written by Firdawsi Shahnama.
The United Ghaznavid came into conflict with theRulers of Ghor, which destroyed the city of Ghazni reduced to ashes. Ghor were Oghuz of Ghor in Afghanistan. Sultan Muhammad of Ghor and his slave raid lieutenant Qutb-ud-Din Aybak subcontinent and conquered Delhi in 1193 Ghori was a soldier brave and able administrator, but not as bright as Mahmoud. However, Ghori left a lasting influence on the history of India. It has the reputation of a gentle and benovelant and be a just ruler. He had no heirs. He trained his slaves inWar and the administration. It 'been Aybak, one of his slaves, who became his successor after the assassination in 1206 Ghori
After Ghori's death, he founded his slave Qutab-ud-Din Aybak first slave turkish dynasty (1206-1290), which lasted for more than 300 years. Aybak was more familiar with General Muhammad Ghori and received administrative control over some of the conquered lands. It was originally the capital of Lahore, but later moved to Delhi Thatswhy the dynasty of slaves, is alsocalled the Sultanate of Delhi. However Aybak reign was short-lived (5 years) and was succeeded by nine other slave kings. Under his successors, his son-in-law were Iltutmish (1211-1236) Raziyya Sultana (1236-1239) and the most famous Balban. Balban is known for its strong central government has recalled. With his death, the dynasty and the final blow came in the form of Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji. The Sultanate period spent most of the subcontinent under their controland established Muslim rule on solid ground.
The Sultanate of time began the rise and fall of dynasties 4 other in rapid succession: the Khilji (1290-1320), the Tughlaqs (1320-1413), the Sayyid (1414-1451) and Lodhis (1451-1526) . The Khilji Turks by origin, but had spent time in Afghanistan so long that they no longer regarded as Turks. They took control of the subcontinent in the form of a coup. Among these, Alao-Din Khilji, was the most famous, as he had a great impact onIndia's history. She was intelligent, imaginative and strong ruler. The Khilji empire lasted 30 years. The Khilji was the Tughluqs, which strengthened the Muslim rule and successfully revived the empire. The Tughluqs even the usefulness of public works such as castles and canals and restored law and order. The Sayyid and Lodhis followed next and their rule continued until 1526, when Babur founded the Mughal empire.
The Mughals
"Mughal" is the Persian translation of theWord "Mongol," from which the English word "mogul" "tycoon". The Mongols were the last of the Mongols. In the 16 century, raided Mohamed Zaheeruddin Babur, the first Mughal emperor and a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, conquered the Punjab from Afghanistan and Ibrahim Lodhi at the historic battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal empire. Babur was succeeded by his son, Humayun in 1530. Humayun was the Sher Shah Suri, who ousted the kingdom ruled until his death in1545 Humayun, who returned in self-exile in Persia, and won the throne in 1554, but died two years later. He was succeeded by his son Akbar. Akbar was the greatest Mughal emperor and ruled for more time. It has improved the central administration and was a great patron of art and literature. Mughal art and architecture reached its zenith under the rule of Akbar's son Jahingir and then under his grandson Shah Jahan. A legacy of magnificent mosques, palaces,Tombs, castles and gardens that can be seen in Lahore, Multan, Jehlum and other places. Auranzeb succeeded Shah Jahan and reigned from 1658-1707. He was a pious man and an efficient administrator. With the death of Auranzeb, broke the great Mughal Empire (1526-1857).
In 1739 Nadir Shah of Persia invaded the region and Ahmed Shah Abdali after his death the kingdom of Afghanistan was founded in 1747. Then in the early 19 th century, pushed back the Sikhs, the Afghans toKhyber Pass Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader made famous Lahore his capital and ruled from 1799 until 1839. The Sikh rule broke out between the British and then the Muslim rule ended on the subcontinent. However, note that unlike the British "no established rule by elite immigrant Muslims in India. The Muslims ruled India for a distant homeland, yet they were members of a dominant group within the Indian community social" are.
The British Period
The British came asTraders with the British East India Company at the beginning of 17 century, gradually became involved in Indian politics, and finally, after the battle of Plassey in 1757, began to conquer the subcontinent. If 1843 was entirely within their control. They defeated the Sikhs in 1845 and 1849 in the Anglo-Sikh War.
After the First War of Independence in 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny known as), the British government took direct control of Pakistan. This marked the beginning ofBritish Raj (British rule), and in the name of Queen Victoria, the British continue to expand their empire. Hunza on the border with China was the last area to fall into British hands in 1891, only a few western Afghanistan, and most areas of Pakistan remain outside their control. Have limited the Durand Line in 1893 after the separation of Pakistan from Afghanistan. The British had a strong influence on modern Pakistan. They have introduced not only its own legal and administrative system, but alsobrought their culture, language, art and architecture, some of which are still visible today in Pakistan.
The battle for Pakistan
After an unsuccessful first war of independence in 1857, the British determined to suppress and weaken the Muslims, who held primarily responsible for the revolt. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) one of the first attempts by the Islamic state founded the Aligarh movement to restore. Muslims form a political party with the name of the MuslimLeague under the chairmanship of Nawab Salimullah Khan in Dhaka in 1906. But when Jinnah accepted the leadership of the Muslim League in 1936, was a dynamic national organization of Muslims.
In 1930, a Muslim poet and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, the creation of a separate Islamic state proposals for those areas of the subcontinent with a Muslim majority. His proposal was adopted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a British lawyer and Pakistan the first head of state.This idea of a separate Islamic state called Pakistan in the subcontinent, the form of a resolution adopted by the Muslim League in 1940, adopted in Lahore session. This was the resolution of Lahore, who was popularly known as the resolution of Pakistan. The philosophy underpinning the theory of two nations, it says on the individuality of the Hindus and Muslims that those two countries reaffirmed their civilization, culture, heritage and religion, the namecan not live under a single country. This was the basis for Pakistan.
The British realized that they would use their influence in the subcontinent as well give up on the 20th of February 1947, British Prime Minister Lord Atlee Mr. announced that the British government would force the natives of the subcontinent on his hand. It was finally agreed that the subcontinent is to partition and the device will be passed to the two states in the middle of the night on Independence14 and 15 August 1947. So the Muslims to fight under the leadership dynamic of fruit Muhammad Ali Jinnah hole, the subcontinent gained independence from the British and Pakistan as a sovereign and independent Muslim Created 14 August 1947.
It was decided that in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West (now Pakistan) include wing of the country. Indian Muslims in the region had to migrate to Pakistan. This migration was accompanied by terribleThe violence and bloodshed, not to mention the various problems of the division of Pakistan had in the hands of Indians against non-cooperative.
Independent of Pakistan
One of the Sindhu or Indus (Pakistan) and the other is known in the valley of the Ganges (India) as Bharatvarta; The world always has two different countries and cultures in the sub-continent known. The country had with the Sindhu civilization Harappa their control of Rupar on the Sutlej over the lower Indus in ArabicSea, the area now covered by Pakistan. Sindhu replace the country has always been known for its independent existence, completely out of the valley of the Ganges in India.
In addition, Pakistan as an independent country always looked westward and had more cultural relations, commercial and political with the Sumerian, Babylonian, Persian, greek and turkish as the Valley of the Ganges. During the 5000 years of known history of Pakistan, Pakistan remained part of India up to a total period of 711 yearsthe 512 years were the period of 100 years each by the Muslims and the Mauryan (primarily Buddhist) and British times. Pakistan has remained independent or part of powers to the West and its relationship with India has been one exception.
This may be why there are hardly any influence of Hindu architecture in Pakistan, instead of Hinduism, Islam gives shape to life of most Pakistanis. Moreover, Hindus themselves have always Yavanas (the people of Pakistan) is consideredAt that time, as unclean and outside of Aryandom. Sun Pakistan as part of India is a weak theory, which is not grounded in history. In fact it was the famous two-nation theory of Jinnah, Iqbal formulated and implemented by the resulted in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Notes:
[I] called "Indus Valley" by John Marshall, Mohenjodaro and the Indus Valley civilization pp.i-III (London, 1931) and 'Harappa' by Stuart Piggott, Prehistoric India (London: Pelican Books, 1950 ), p. 132.
[Ii] Quoted in ancient cities of the Indus, Gregory L. Possehl (ed.), Carolina Academic Press, New Delhi, 1979, p. 105-107.
References:
1 A Dani H. Pakistan: history through the centuries. [Online] [Cited 2 April 2009] Available from: heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/history1.html
2 I. Shaw Pakistan Handbook. The Guide Ltd. of Hong Kong. 1989
3 Abdulla A. The historical background of Pakistan and its people. Tanzeem-Wesley. Karachi. 1973
4Possehl GL (ed). The ancient cities of the Indus. Carolina Academic Press. New Delhi. 1979
5 T. Rahman peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus Valley. [Online] [Cited 2 April 2009]. Available from:
inic.utexas.edu / Asnicar / object / peoplesandlanguages.html
6 A. Haroon Muhammad bin Qasim to General Pervaiz Musharraf: Triumph, Leiden, 1971, the scars of the tragedy and the current challenges. KRL PO Box 502 Rawalpindi. 2000
7 S. Piggot Pre-historic India. PenguinBooks. 1950
8 Akhtar R (ed). Pakistan Yearbook 1974 East and West Publishing Company. Karachi.
9 HM Elliot & Dowson J. The history of India as told by its own historians: The Mohammedan Period. Trübner & Co. first volume in London. 1867-1877.
10 PM Holt, Ann KS Lambton & Lewis B (eds). The Cambridge History of Islam: The other Islamic countries, Islamic society and civilization. Cambridge University Press. 1970
P. 11 Hardy, The Muslims of British India.Cambridge University Press. London. 1972
The True Story of Pakistan
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